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Homonyms is the "official" name for these confusing words. There are two varieties; homephones are words that sound the same, but have different spelling, and homographs, which are words that sound the same and are spelled the same, but have different meanings. Homographs are covered in this article.
And how on earth are you supposed to know the difference between these words when you come across them in spoken English?! Context is the key here ... figure out what make the most sense. If someone says, for example, "I think I'll climb that boulder", it makes most sense that they want to climb a rock, and not climb "more daringly". If someone says, "Would you like a glass of wine?", they almost always mean "Would you like a nice glass of this alcoholic drink?" rather than "Would you like a glass of complaining?"
Below is a lengthy, but not comprehensive, list of just some of the hundreds of homophones in English. I have given a short indication of the main meaning for each word (many of these words have multiple meanings, they are not included here). If I've included two definitions, they are separated by a comma.
Remember, all of these words (either pairs or triplets) are pronounced the same way, but as you can see, their spelling is quite different, and their meanings even more so. I hope that this list helps you to avoid being tripped up when reading and writing English! It also will come in handy if you like to solve cryptic crosswords, as cryptic setters love to use these sorts of tricky words in their clues. They are also the very stuff of puns. You have been warned!
ad — an advertisement
add — count up
aid — help
aide — assistant
affect — change
effect — result or consequence
air — atmosphere
err — be incorrect
aisle — walkway
I’ll — contraction of "I will"
isle — small island
allowed — permitted
aloud — audibly
arc — curve
ark — huge ship, eg Noah’s ark
ate — consumed
eight — number between seven and nine
ball — spherical toy
bawl — cry
band — musical group
banned — forbidden
bare — naked
bear — grizzly animal
be — exist
bee — insect
berry — small fruit
bury — put underground
base — lowest part
bass — deep singing voice, type of fish
be — to exist
bee — buzzing insect
beach — sandy shore
beech — type of tree
beat — hit
beet — vegetable
berth — tie up
birth — to be born
billed — invoiced
build — construct
bite — sink one's teeth into
byte — 8 bits (computer data)
blew — gusted, exhaled
blue — primary colour
boar — wild pig
bore — drill, be tedious to
board — plank of wood
bored — drilled, stupefied
bolder — more daring
boulder — large rock
borough — administrative district
burrow — dig through, or rabbit's hole
burro — small donkey
bough — branch
bow — bend or curtsy, front of ship, ribbon decoration
brake — car pedal
break — smash
bread — baked food
bred — brought up
broach — bring up a difficult subject
brooch — decorative pin
brows — eyebrows
browse — look around
buoy — anchored float
boy — young male
buy — purchase
by — beside
bye — short for goodbye
caret — editing mark
carrot — vegetable
carat — unit of weight
karat — unit of weight (US)
cell — compartment, biological unit
sell — trade
cent — coin
sent — dispatched
scent — pleasant smell
census — official survey
senses — sensory faculties
cereal — breakfast food
serial — sequential
chews — chomps
choose — select
Chile — country in South America
chilli — spicy small pepper / capsicum
chilly — frosty
choral — sung by a choir
coral — hard substance found in reefs
chord — group of three or more notes
cord — rope
chute — sloping channel
shoot — put a bullet in
cite — refer to, quote
site — location
sight — view
colonel — army rank
kernel — edible part of nut
complement — enhance; go together
compliment — praise
council — committee
counsel — guidance
creak — squeak, groan
creek — stream of water
crews — sailors
cruise — boat trip
cymbal — percussion instrument
symbol — emblem, icon
days — seven in a week
daze — stun
dear — darling, expensive
deer — woodland animal
dew — morning mist
do — perform an action
due — owing
die — cease to exist
dye — pigment
discreet — careful
discrete — separate
discussed — talked over
disgust — revulsion
doe — female deer
dough — uncooked pastry or bread
dual — twofold
duel — fight between two people
earn — be paid
urn — tall vase
ewe — female sheep
you — second person singular or plural pronoun
eye — sight organ
I — first person singular pronoun
fair — equitable
fare — ticket price
fairy — imaginary creature
ferry — boat
faze — disturb
phase — step, period
feat — attainment
feet — plural of foot
find — locate
fined — penalised
fir — tree
fur — animal hair
flea — insect
flee — run away
flew — travelled through the air
flu — illness
flue — duct, chimney
flour — ground up grain
flower — plant's bloom
for — on behalf of
fore — in front
four — number after three
forth — onwards
fourth — number four in a sequence
foul — offensive
fowl — bird
frees — liberates
freeze — turn into ice
gneiss — rock
nice — enjoyable
gnu — wildebeest
knew — had knowledge about
new — recent
gored — stabbed
gourd — large fruit
gorilla — ape
guerrilla — freedom fighter
grease — fat
Greece — Mediterranean country
greys — shades of black
graze — feed on grassland
grate — shred
great — considerable
groan — moan
grown — expanded
guessed — estimated
guest — visitor
gym — health club
Jim — boy's name
hair — tresses
hare — leaping mammal
hale — strong
hail — frozen rain
hall — room, passageway
haul — drag
halve — cut in two parts
have — possess
hay — animal food
hey — interjection to get attention
heal — mend
heel — back of foot
he'll — contraction of "he will" or "he shall"
heard — listened to
herd — group of animals
hew — chop
hue — colour
Hugh — boy's name
hi — hello
high — tall, elevated
higher — more elevated
hire — rent
him — third person singular pronoun, masculine
hymn — religious song
hoarse — croaky, rough
horse — animal
hole — opening
whole — complete
holey — full of holes
holy — divine
wholly — entirely
hour — sixty minutes
our — belonging to us
idle — not working
idol — object of worship
in — inside
inn — country pub
incite — stir up
insight — intuition
its — belonging to it
it's — contraction of "it is"
jam — fruit conserve
jamb — side post of a door
jeans — pants
genes — genetic units
knead — work dough
need — require
knew — had knowledge
new — latest
knight — champion of Middle Ages
night — evening
knot — tied string
not — negative adverb
know — have knowledge
no — opposite of yes
knows — has knowledge
nose — organ for smelling
lead — soft metal
led — guided
leased — rented
least — smallest amount
lessen — make smaller
lesson — class
lie — untruth, lie down
lye — strong alkaline solution, used in soap making
links — loops, connections
lynx — wild cat
load — cargo
lode — vein of metal ore
loan — borrow, credit
lone — solitary
locks — secures
lox — smoked salmon
loot — stolen goods
lute — stringed instrument
made — created
maid — servant
mail — post
male — masculine
maize — corn
maze — winding puzzle path
marry — wed
merry — very happy
meat — animal flesh as food
meet — encounter
medal — commemorative badge
meddle — interfere
mince — cut up finely, minced meat
mints — peppermint sweets
miner — man who works in a mine
minor — lesser in importance
missed — failed to reach
mist — fog
morning — early part of the day
mourning — grieving
muscle — fibrous body tissue that produces movement
mussel — bivalve mollusc
no — not any, opposite of yes
know — be aware
none — not any
nun — religious sister
oar — boat paddle
or — otherwise
ore — mineral
oh — expression of surprise
owe — be in debt to
one — half of two
won — came first
overdo — do too much
overdue — behind schedule
paced — walked
paste — adhesive
pail — bucket
pale — not bright
pain — hurt
pane — window glass
pare — trim, reduce
pear — fruit
passed — overtook
past — gone by in time
patience — tolerance
patients — people receiving medical treatment
pause — brief interruption
paws — animal's feet
peace — tranquillity
piece — portion
peak — mountain top
peek — glance at
pique — irritation
pi — Greek letter π, 3.14159...
pie — baked dish in pastry shell
plain — ordinary
plane — flat surface, aeroplane
pole — post
poll — vote, survey
poor — poverty-stricken
pour — flow
presence — existence
presents — gifts
prince — royal son
prints — imprints, publishes
principal — most important, school head
principle — belief
quarts — liquid measures
quartz — hard mineral
rain — moisture falling from clouds
rein — restraint, horse's strap
reign — rule as monarch
raise — lift
rays — beams of sunlight
raze — completely destroy
rap — hit
wrap — cover, bundle up
read — peruse written material
reed — marsh grass
read — had perused
red — primary colour
real — actual
reel — cylinder, stagger
rest — relax
wrest — seize
review — analysis
revue — light theatrical entertainment
right — correct; opposite of left
write — put in writing, compose
rite — ceremony
ring — encircle, finger jewellery
wring — squeeze and twist
road — highway
rode — sat on, travelled
rowed — propelled a boat with oars
roe — fish eggs
row — propel a boat with oars
role — actor's part, function
roll — rotate
root — part of a plant
route — course, journey
rose — flower
rows — lines of things
rote — mechanically
wrote — put in writing
rye — cereal plant
wry — ironic, disgusted
sacks — cloth bags
sax — brass instrument (saxophone)
sail — travel in boat
sale — vending, bargain
scene — location
seen — viewed
seam — stitching
seem — appear to be
seas — oceans
sees — perceives
seize — grab
serge — sturdy fabric
surge — rush forward, rise
sew — stitch
so — very much, therefore
sow — plant seeds
shoe — foot covering
shoo — exclamation to drive away something
side — edge, faction
sighed — breathed out
sighs — breaths out
size — dimensions
sign — indication, notice, autograph
sine — trigonometric function
sight — vision
site — location
cite — quote
slay — kill
sleigh — travel on a sledge drawn by horses
soar — fly up
sore — painful
soared — flew up
sword — blade
sole — part of foot, only
soul — spirit
son — male child
sun — central star of our solar system
some — unspecified amount
sum — quantity, add up
staid — sedate, serious
stayed — remained
stairs — steps
stares — gazes at fixedly
stake — wooden post, wager
steak — thick slab of beef
stationary — not moving
stationery — writing and office materials
steal — thieve, rob
steel — alloy of carbon and iron
straight — without a curve
strait — narrow passage of water
suede — soft leather
swayed — rocked, wavered
summary — synopsis
summery — relating to summer
tacks — pins
tax — government levy
tail — end of an animal
tale — story
taut — stretched tight
taught — educated
tea — hot drink
tee — golf peg
teas — hot drinks
tease — make fun of
tees — golf pegs
tents — camping shelters
tense — rigid, anxious
tern — seabird
turn — rotate, change direction
there — at that position
their — belonging to them
they're — contraction of "they are"
threw — flung
through — into and out of
throne — monarch's chair
thrown — hurled
thyme — culinary herb
time — hour, moment
tide — ebb and flow of sea
tied — fastened with string
tighten — make tighter
Titan — older god (Greek mythology)
to — movement towards
too — excessively
two — number after one
toad — amphibian
toed — having toes
towed — pulled behind
toe — digit on end of foot
tow — pull along
tracked — followed
tract — area of land, treatise
trussed — tied up
trust — confidence
use — make use of
ewes — female sheep (plural)
vary — be different
very — extremely
vein — blood vessel
vane — blade on a wheel
verses — poetry
versus — aganist
vial — small glass container
vile — horrible
wade — walk through water
weighed — measured weight of
wail — cry
whale — massive marine mammal
waist — area below ribs
waste — fritter away, wither
wait — stand by, remain
weight — heaviness
waive — relinquish
wave — move to and fro, surf
Wales — principality of Great Britain
whales — huge marine mammals
war — combat
wore — was dressed in
warn — notify of danger
worn — shabby
way — method, road
weigh — measure mass
whey — watery part of milk
we — us
wee — tiny, urine
weak — frail
week — period of seven days
weather — meteorological conditions
whether — choice between alternatives
we'd — contraction of "we would", "we should" or "we had"
weed — unwanted plant
weld — join metal together
welled — rose up and spilled over
we'll — contraction of "we will"
wheel — disc
we've — contraction of "we have"
weave — entwine
which — that
witch — sorceress
whine — complaining
wine — alcoholic drink
whirled — twirled, hurried
world — the earth
whirred — made low sound
word — term, promise
who's — contraction of "who is" or "who has"
whose — belonging to which person?
wood — timber
would — polite request, consequence of imagined event
worst — poorest quality
wurst — German sausage
yoke — wooden harness for animals
yolk — yellow part of an egg
you'll — contraction of "you will" or "you shall"
yule — Christmas
your — belonging to you
you’re — contraction of "you are"
yore — of long ago
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